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Article History

Accepted: 7 February 2024

First Online: 26 February 2024

Declarations

:

: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant UM1CA186690 (JJL), P50CA254865 (JJL), and in part by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) through the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center’s Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) award (P30CA047904).

: RCA: None. JJL: Data and safety monitoring board (DSMB): AbbVie, Immutep, and Evaxion; scientific advisory board: (no stock) 7 Hills, Bright Peak, Exo, Fstar, Inzen, RefleXion, Xilio (stock) Actym, Alphamab Oncology, Arch Oncology, Kanaph, Mavu, NeoTx, Onc.AI, OncoNano, Pyxis, STipe, and Tempest; consultancy with compensation: AbbVie, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Castle, CHECKMATE, Codiak, Crown, Day One, Duke St, EMD Serono, Endeavor, Flame, Genentech, Gilead, Glenmark, HotSpot, Kadmon, Janssen, Ikena, Immunocore, Incyte, IO Biotech, Macrogenics, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, Partner, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roivant, Servier, STINGthera, Synlogic, and Synthekine; research support (all to institution for clinical trials): AbbVie, Astellas, Astrazeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Corvus, Day One, EMD Serono, Fstar, Genmab, Ikena, Immatics, Incyte, Kadmon, KAHR, Macrogenics, Merck, Moderna, Nektar, Next Cure, Numab, Palleon, Pfizer, Replimmune, Rubius, Servier, Scholar Rock, Synlogic, Takeda, Trishula, Tizona, and Xencor; patents (both provisional): Serial #15/612,657 (cancer immunotherapy), PCT/US18/36052 (microbiome biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 responsiveness: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: RCA and JJL conceived of the paper, wrote the manuscript, and approved the final version.

: Not applicable.