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Article History

Accepted: 6 July 2025

First Online: 23 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The present study was approved by the ethical committee of Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital (#2020-36).

: All participants provided signed informed consent.

: The informed consent forms signed by all patients contain the provision that "research results may be published in anonymized form in academic journals, conference reports, or related publications, and participants consent to such publication."

: Dawei Huang: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization, Investigation. Xingyu Jiang: Writing—original draft, Investigation. Nan Yang: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization, Methodology. Yu Wang: Writing—original draft. Ying Li: Writing—original draft. Xuemei Yi: Writing—review & editing. Chunyuan Guo: Writing—review & editing. Yunlun Gao: Writing—review & editing, Resources, Methodology. Yuling Shi: Writing—review & editing, Conceptualization, and Funding acquisition.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2508106), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82430101, 82003335, 82073429, 82273510), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No.2019-01-07-00-07-E00046), Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (No. SHDC2020CR1014B, 22022302, 2020CR6022) , and Municipal Hospital Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Promotion and Optimization Management Project of SHDC (No. SHDC12023114).

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: The code of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.