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Article History

Received: 6 July 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: No ethics committee approval or consent was necessary for this type of study as the study was a systematic review and meta-analysis.

: Dr. Rønnstad has received research funding from the Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University and the Kgl Hofbundtmager Aage Bang Foundation. Mr. Isufi has no conflicts of interest. Prof. Bunick has served as an investigator for AbbVie, Almirall, Apogee, Daiichi Sankyo, LEO Pharma, Ortho Dermatologics, Sun Pharma, Timber, and Palvella; a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Apogee, Arcutis, Connect BioPharma, Eli Lilly, EPI Health/Novan, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, Takeda, Teladoc, and UCB. Prof. Chovatiya has served as an advisor, consultant, speaker and/or investigator for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alumis, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis Biotherapeutics Inc., Argenx, Astria Therapeutics Inc., Avalere Health, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, Celldex CLn Skin Care, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, EMD Serono, Formation Bio, Galderma, Genentech, GSK, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Opsidio, Pfizer Inc., RAPT, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sitryx, Takeda, TRex Bio, UCB, Zai Lab. Raj Chovatiya is an Editorial Board member of American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. Raj Chovatiya was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Dr. Nielsen has received consultancy honoraria from LEO Pharma. Dr. Alinaghi has no conflicts of interest. Prof. Thomsen has received research support from Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Sanofi and UCB, and has been a speaker/consultant for Abbvie, CSL, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Galderma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Symphogen, UCB, and Union Therapeutics. Prof. Vestergaard has been an investigator for AbbVie A/S, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetique, Novartis, LEO Pharma, Sanofi, Almirall, Galderma and Pfizer. He has served on advisory boards for Astellas Pharma, Almirall, Sanofi, Abb-vie, Galderma, Leo Pharma and MEDA and has been a speaker for Leo-Pharma, Astellas, MSD, AbbVie, Novartis Almirall, Sanofi and Pfizer. Prof. Egeberg has received research funding from Almirall, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, the Danish National Psoriasis Foundation, the Simon Spies Foundation, and the Kgl Hofbundtmager Aage Bang Foundation, and honoraria as consultant and/or speaker from Amgen, AbbVie, Almirall, Leo Pharma, Zuellig Pharma Ltd., Galápagos NV, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Union Therapeutics, Galderma, Dermavant, UCB, Mylan, Bristol-Myers Squibb, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, Horizon Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. He is currently an employee at LEO Pharma. Prof. Thyssen has been an advisor for AbbVie, Almirall, Arena Pharmaceuticals, OM Pharma, Aslan Pharmaceuticals, Union Therapeutics, Eli Lilly & Co, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron and Sanofi-Genzyme, a speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly & Co, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and received research grants from Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi-Genzyme. He is currently an employee at LEO Pharma. Dr. Loft has been a paid speaker for Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, and Sandoz and received research funding from the LEO Foundation.

: Rønnstad, Isufi, Nielsen and Loft had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Loft, Thyssen, Egeberg and Rønnstad. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Rønnstad, Isufi, Bunik, Chovatiya, Thyssen and Loft. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Nielsen. Administrative, technical, or material support: None.

: All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information.