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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 29 January 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

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: Jaime Piquero-Casals served as a speaker for Incyte Corporation and medical advisor for Isdin. Clémence Bertold received grants and/or honoraria from Novartis. Yolanda Gilaberte served as a consultant for Isdin, Cantabria Labs, Incyte, Almirall, UCB, and Leo Pharma, received research grants from Galderma, Almirall and Jansen, and provided lectures for Eucerin, Almirall, AbbVie, Cantabria Labs, Lilly, and Sanofi. José Luis López-Estebaranz served as a consultant, participated in clinical trials, and/or received speaking fees from Almirall, BMS, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, AbbVie, Bioderma, Galderma, UCB, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Invasix, Isdin, and Incyte. Giovanni Leone has acted as a consultant for Isdin, AVITA Medical, Clinuvel, Incyte Corporation, and NAOS. Henry W. Lim has served as an investigator for Incyte, La Roche-Posay, Pfizer, and PCORI; a consultant for Isdin, Beiersdorf, Ferndale, L’Oréal, Eli Lilly, Zerigo Health, Cantabria Labs, and Skinosive; and as a speaker on general education sessions for La Roche-Posay, Cantabria Labs, Pierre Fabre, NAOS, Uriage, and Pfizer. Jean Krutmann serves as a consultant to Amway, bitop, Blue Lagoon, Evonik, ISDIN, La Roche-Posay, Mary Kay, Meitu, Mistine, Mibelle, Shin, Skinceuticals, Stada, Symrise, and Vichy, and IUF obtains funding from these organizations. Khaled Ezzedine has served as a consultant for and/or received grants from AbbVie, Almirall, Incyte, L’Oreal, La Roche Posay, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, and Viela Bio. Thierry Passeron is a consultant for AbbVie, ACM Pharma, Almirall, Amgen, Beiersdorf, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calypso, Caudalie, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, ISDIN, Janssen, L’Oreal, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roivant, SVR, Symrise, UCB, and VYNE Therapeutics. He has received grants and/or honoraria from AbbVie, ACM Pharma, Almirall, Amgen, Astellas, Beiersdorf, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calypso, Celgene, Galderma, Genzyme/Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte Corporation, Isdin, Isis Pharma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, Naos, Novartis, Pfizer, Roivant, Sun Pharmaceuticals, SVR, Takeda, UCB, and VYNE Therapeutics. He is the cofounder of NIKAIA Pharmaceuticals; and has patents on WNT agonists or GSK3b antagonist for repigmentation of vitiligo and the use of CXCR3B blockers in vitiligo. Agustín Alomar, Daniel Morgado-Carrasco, Antonio Massa, and Caio Silva de Castro have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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: JPC designed the study, performed the literature search and data extraction, and drafted the manuscript. CB, YG, HWL, JK, KE, and TP contributed to study interpretation and critical manuscript revision. All authors meet authorship criteria and have approved the final version of the manuscript.