Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr Eichenfield has been a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis, Attovia, BMS, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Forté, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, UCB, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals; and has received study support (to institution) from AbbVie, Amgen, Bausch, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi. Dr Lio was a speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Hyphens Pharma, Incyte, La Roche-Posay/L’Oréal, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Dermatologie, Sanofi-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Verrica; has been on consulting/advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Alphyn Biologics (stock options), Amyris, Arcutis, ASLAN, BMS, Burt’s Bees, Castle Biosciences, Codex Labs (stock options), Concerto Biosciences (stock options), Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidor, L’Oréal, Merck, Micreos, MyOr Diagnostics, Sanofi-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sibel Health, Skinfix, Suneco Technologies (stock options), Theraplex, UCB, Unilever, Verdant Scientific (stock options), Verrica, and Yobee Care (stock options); has a patent pending for a Theraplex product with royalties paid; and is a board member and scientific advisory committee member for National Eczema Association. Dr Irvine has been a consultant for AbbVie, Arena Pharmaceuticals, BenevolentAI, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Genentech, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and UCB; a speaker for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi; an investigator for AbbVie, DS Biopharma, Inflazome, Novartis, and Sanofi-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.; and is a patent holder for Sanofi-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr Apfelbacher has received institutional funding from Bionorica and Dr. Wolff GmbH; and consulting fees from Bionorica, Dr. Wolff Group, Incyte, Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, and Sanofi. Dr Kabashima has received honoraria for lectures from Eli Lilly, Japan Tobacco, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, and Procter & Gamble; and research grants from Kyoto Hakko Kirin, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Dr Wang is an employee and shareholder of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr Praestgaard and Dr Bastian are employees of Sanofi and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company.

: Mike Bastian and Amy H. Praestgaard designed the study. Amy H. Praestgaard conducted statistical analysis of the data. Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Peter A. Lio, Alan D. Irvine, Christian J. Apfelbacher, Kenji Kabashima, Amy H. Praestgaard, Zhixiao Wang, and Mike Bastian interpreted the data, provided critical feedback on the manuscript, approved the final manuscript for submission, and are accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the manuscript.

: Qualified researchers may request access to study documents (including the clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan) that support the methods and findings reported in this manuscript. Individual anonymized participant data will be considered for sharing 1) once the product and indication has been approved by major health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, PMDA, etc) or development of the product has been discontinued globally for all indications on or after April 2020 and there are no plans for future development; 2) if there is legal authority to share the data; and 3) there is not a reasonable likelihood of participant reidentification. Submit requests to .

: Some of the data reported in this article were presented at the 14th Georg Rajka International Symposium on Atopic Dermatitis (ISAD 2024); Doha, Qatar; 24–26 October 2024.

: Patients provided written informed consent before participating in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guideline, and applicable regulatory requirements. An independent data and safety monitoring committee conducted blinded monitoring of patient safety data. The local institutional review board or ethics committee at each study center oversaw trial conduct and documentation.

: Not applicable.