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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 1 March 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Michela Starace reports personal fees for advisory board meetings and support for attending meetings from Almirall, Eli Lilly, Pierre Fabre, and L’Oréal, outside of the submitted work. Giampiero Girolomoni has received personal fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Merck Serono, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, and Sanofi. Luigi Gargiulo has been a consultant and/or speaker and has participated on advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma. Alessandra Narcisi has served on advisory boards and received honoraria for lectures and research grants from Almirall, AbbVie, LEO Pharma, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Amgen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Francesca Ambrogio: Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AbbVie, Almirall, Sanofi, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Caterina Foti: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Almirall, Sanofi, Novartis, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, and Incyte; support for attending meetings and/or travel; advisory board member. Raffaele Dante Caposiena Caro has received honoraria for participation in speaker bureaus from Novartis, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, and Pfizer. Iris Zalaudek: data safety monitoring board (Philogen); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events (Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Novartis, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Philogen, Biogena, La Roche-Posay, Kyowa Kirin, Fotofinder, Mallinckrodt, Cieffe Derma, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Canova, Almirall, Beiersdorf); support for attending meetings and/or travel (Difa Cooper). Angelo Valerio Marzano reports consultancy/advisory board disease-relevant honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Andrea Sechi has received honoraria for speaker bureaus from Novartis, DS Laboratories, Cantabria Labs Difa Cooper, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Silvia Mariel Ferrucci: speaker, advisory board member, or principal investigator in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen, Almirall, LEO Pharma, Galderma, Novartis, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Incyte, and Bayer. Laura Diluvio: Eli Lilly, Almirall, Sanofi, and Novartis. Luca Bianchi: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, La Roche-Posay, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, and UCB. Mariateresa Cantelli: Sifarma, Dercos, Diego Dalla Palma, Eli Lilly, Infomedica, and Pfizer. Valeria Boccaletti: Sanofi, Eli Lilly, and La Roche-Posay. Elisabetta Fulgione has served as consultant and/or has received fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, L’Oréal, Shiseido, and Pierre Fabre. Anna Balato has served as consultant and/or has received fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Federica Dall’Oglio: Eli Lilly and Pfizer (speaker). Giuseppe Micali: Eli Lilly (speaker). Elena Pezzolo: Pfizer, Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Galderma, Sanofi, Almirall, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Janssen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Francesca Caroppo: LEO Pharma, Sanofi, Almirall, AbbVie, Unifarco, and Pfizer. Anna Belloni Fortina: Sanofi, LEO Pharma, Amgen, Novartis, AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Unifarco, Pfizer, and Almirall. Giacomo Caldarola has received consulting fees, honoraria, and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen, UCB, Novartis, and LEO Pharma, outside of the submitted work. Ketty Peris reports personal fees for advisory board meetings and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Almirall, Galderma, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Regeneron, and Janssen, outside of the submitted work. Riccardo Balestri: support for attending meetings and/or travel, advisory board member (Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Amgen, Novartis). Laura Atzori: advisory board, consultant, congress hospitality (AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB). Alfredo Rossi: Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Dercos, and AbbVie. Serena Lembo: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Amgen, Novartis, Janssen, Almirall, Sanofi, LEO Pharma, and Boehringer Ingelheim; support for attending meetings and/or travel; advisory board member. Annunziata Raimondo: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Amgen, Novartis, Janssen, Almirall, Sanofi, LEO Pharma, and Boehringer Ingelheim; support for attending meetings and/or travel; advisory board member. Flavia Manzo Margiotta: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Almirall, Sanofi, LEO Pharma, and Pfizer. Valentina Dini: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Convatec, Novartis, Janssen, Almirall, Sanofi, LEO Pharma, and UCB. Marco Romanelli: Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Novartis, Janssen, Almirall, Sanofi, LEO Pharma, UCB, and Urgo. Edoardo De Simoni reports speakers’ fees from Eli Lilly. Oriana Simonetti: Sanofi, Celldex, MoonLake, Roche, and AbbVie. Francesca Satolli: speaker, advisory board member, or principal investigator in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, LEO Pharma, Johnson & Johnson. Maria Beatrice de Felici del Giudice: Sanofi Regeneron, LEO Pharma, and AbbVie. Cesare Filippeschi: Sanofi and L’Oréal. Teresa Oranges: Abiogen, Novartis, Pfizer, MSD Animal Health, and Alexion. Greta Tronconi: Sanofi. Bianca Maria Piraccini has received consulting fees from Pierre Fabre-Ducray, Difa Cooper, Dercos-L’Oréal, Legacy Healthcare, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly. All the other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: Written informed consent for publication of clinical photographs and identifiable information was obtained from patients or their legal guardians, where applicable according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent to participate was obtained from all patients or their legal guardians.

: The study adheres to Good Clinical Practice guidelines, AIFA regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, approval has been obtained from the ethics committee (245/2025/OssF/AOUBo).

: The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

: MS, LR, FPampaloni, SC, FQ, FBruni, GMartelli, and BMP conceptualized and designed the study, conducted data collection and analysis, contributed to data interpretation, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors conducted data collection, provided critical revisions, and read and approved the final manuscript.