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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

: L.J.G. has served as an investigator for J&J, Mallinckrodt, Kyowa Kirin, Soligenix, Innate, Incyte, Trillium, Merck, BMS, and Stratpharma as well as on the scientific advisory board for SciTech and Citius. Yoni Sacknovitz, Rachel Ma, Christina M. Bear, Maggie H. Zhou, and Joshua Kent declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: See supplementary material.

: Y.S. and L.J.G. conceptualized the review. Y.S., R.M., C.M.B., and M.H.Z. conducted the literature search and data extraction from ClinicalTrials.gov and published sources. Y.S. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. R.M., C.M.B., M.H.Z., and J.A.K. contributed to specific sections and critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. R.M. created the figures. L.J.G. provided supervision throughout the project and substantive revisions to all drafts. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

: Not applicable.