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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 14 June 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests: April W. Armstrong has served as a research investigator, scientific advisor, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Arcutis, Aslan, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, EPI Health, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Mindera Health, Nimbus, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and UCB. Mark Lebwohl has received research funds on behalf of Mount Sinai from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, Ortho Dermatologics, Regeneron, and UCB, and has served as a consultant for Almirall, AltruBio, AnaptysBio, Arcutis, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brickell Biotech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Celltrion, CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry, Dermavant, EPI Health, Evommune, Forte Biosciences, Galderma, Genentech, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera Health, Pfizer, Seanergy, Strata, Sun Pharma, Trevi, and Verrica. Richard B. Warren has received research grants from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, and has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, DICE Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, and Union Therapeutics. Akimichi Morita has received research grants, consultancy fees, and/or speaker’s fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly Japan, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Sun Pharma Japan, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Torii Pharmaceutical, UCB Japan, and Ushio; has received funding from AbbVie G.K., Eisai, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kyowa Hakko Kirin, LEO Pharma K.K., Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis Pharma K.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical, and Torii Pharmaceutical; and has received consulting fees from AbbVie G.K., Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene K.K., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Kyowa Kirin, Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical, Nippon Kayaku, Novartis Pharma K.K., Pfizer Japan, Sun Pharma, Torii Pharmaceutical, and UCB Japan. Carle Paul has received grants from and served as a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, and UCB. Diamant Thaçi has received research support from and served as a principal investigator for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and UCB (clinical trial funds to institution); has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB; has served as a lecturer for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche-Posay, Sanofi, Target RWE, and UCB; and has served as a scientific advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Matthias Augustin has received consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria and/or institutional research support from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Centocor, Eli Lilly, Fresenius, GSK, Hexal, Janssen, Klinge, LEO Pharma, MC2, Medac, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Viatris. Lluís Puig has received honoraria or consultation fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Baxalta, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Gebro, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck-Serono, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB; has received research grants (paid to institution) from or participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB; has served on a speakers bureau for Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer. Carolin Daamen was an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb at the time of study conduct. Janice Li, Alessandra Alió, Angela Aggrey-Amable, Julie Scotto, Zoran Popmihajlov, and John Vaile are employees of and shareholders in Bristol Myers Squibb. Bruce Strober has served as a consultant (with honoraria) for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alamar, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena, Aristea, Asana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Capital One, Celltrion, CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Inmagene, Janssen/J&J Innovative Medicine, Kangpu Biopharmaceuticals, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Meiji Seika Pharma, Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Protagonist, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, TD Cowen, UCB, Union Therapeutics, Ventyx Biosciences, and vTv Therapeutics; has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen/J&J Innovative Medicine, Regeneron, and Sanofi; has served as a co-scientific director (with consulting fee) and investigator for CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry; is editor-in-chief (with honoraria) for Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis ; and has stock options from Connect Biopharma and Mindera Health.

Ethics Approval: The study reported here was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Trial protocols were approved by an independent institutional review board or ethics committee at the study site before study-related procedures were performed.

Consent to Participate: All participants provided written informed consent documented in accordance with local regulations.

Consent for Publication: All the results presented in this article are in aggregate form, and no personally identifiable information was used for this study.

Availability of Data and Material: The Bristol Myers Squibb policy on data sharing may be found at: .

Code Availability: Not applicable.

Authors’ Contributions: Substantial contributions to acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: AWA, ML, RBW, AM, CP, DT, MA, LP, JL, AA, AA-A, JS, ZP, JV, and BS. Drafting of the manuscript: AWA, ML, RBW, AM, CP, DT, MA, LP, JL, AA, AA-A, JS, ZP, JV, and BS. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: AWA, ML, RBW, AM, CP, DT, MA, CD, JL, AA, AA-A, JS, ZP, JV, and BS. Statistical analysis: JL and JS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.