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Article History

Received: 2 March 2026

Accepted: 13 June 2026

First Online: 3 July 2026

Declarations

:

: I.H. has received honoraria for a scientific presentation from Sysmex Inostics. GG received honoraria from Almirall Hermal GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb GmbH & Co. KGaA, and Janssen-Cilag GmbH for lectures and presentations. C.G. is a board member of the Hiege Stiftung – Die Deutsche Hautkrebsstiftung, unpaid. C.G. has research support from BMS, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Regeneron, and Sanofi. C.G. is a member of the advisory board of BioNTech, BMS, Immunocore, MSD, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi, SUN Pharma, and Sysmex. C.G. has received honoraria from BMS, GSK, Immunocore, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Sysmex. K.P. has received funding from the EU/IHI (GUIDE.MRD) and speaker honoraria from MSD. S.U. and D.J.S. have no conflict of interest to declare.

: Not applicable.

: I.H., S.U., D.J.S. and K.P. reviewed the literature and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. I.H., S.U., C.G., D.J.S. and K.P. commented on and critically revised the original draft. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.