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Article History

Accepted: 23 February 2022

First Online: 14 March 2022

Declarations

:

: This research is funded by the UK’s National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme, conducted through the Policy Research Unit in Economic Methods of Evaluation in Health and Social Care Interventions, PR-PRU-1217-20401. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, or NHS England or the Department of Health and Social Care.

: This research is funded by the UK’s NIHR Policy Research Programme, conducted through the Policy Research Unit in Economic Methods of Evaluation in Health and Social Care Interventions, PR-PRU-1217-20401. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Although the results have been presented to NHS England and the Department and members have commented on the research, they had no involvement with the study design; the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; the writing of the paper; and the decision to submit the article for publication. Stephen Martin, Karl Claxton, James Lomas and Francesco Longo declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All of the raw data are either in the public domain or available on request from the data owner. The healthcare expenditure data are available from NHS England (email england.programmebudgeting@nhs.net). The all-cause and disease-specific mortality data are available from NHS Digital (email <u>clinical.indicators@nhs.net</u>). The population size and instrument data are available in <i>Technical Guide to the formulae for 2014-15 and 2015-16 revenue allocations to Clinical Commissioning Groups and Area Teams.</i> This is available at:(accessed 20 September 2021). The socio-economic variables were constructed from the 2011 Population Census and are available from the Office for National Statistics at(accessed 20 September, 2021). The IMD 2010 is available from(accessed 20 September, 2021).

: Our estimation code is not available, but estimation was undertaken using three user-written commands—<i>ivreg2, ivlasso</i> and <i>rifhdreg</i>—within the commercially available software package <i>Stata 16</i>.

: All authors (SM, KC, JL, FL) contributed to the concept and design of this paper. SM led on the analysis and drafting, and the final paper was edited and approved by all four authors. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting these criteria have been omitted.

: Ethical approval is not required.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.