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Article History

Accepted: 13 September 2023

First Online: 3 October 2023

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This research has been funded by the Australian Government’s Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF), under grant APP1199902. Author R. Raghunandan was funded through a Medical Research Futures Fund Preventive and Public Health Research Grant, APP1199902. Author S. Petrou receives support as a UK National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-SI-0616-10103) and from the UK NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.

: This study was approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee (project number 2021/139).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants of the LSAC to use their data to further the understanding of child and adolescent development and wellbeing.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants of the LSAC to use their data to further the understanding of child and adolescent development and wellbeing.

: The data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) used in this study are available by application to the data custodians: Longitudinal Studies, Data Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Social Services.

: The STATA code used in the analysis can be made available upon reasonable request from the authors.

: RR, AH, KH, SP, EL, and SS conceived the study. RR and AH carried out the analyses. EC and AK provided statistical support. RR wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript.