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Article History

Accepted: 3 September 2024

First Online: 25 September 2024

Declarations

:

: D.L. is an employee of PenTAG who receive funding from the NIHR to act as a NICE Evidence Review Group. D.L. also receives consultancy fees for support provided to manufacturers in producing health economic models. R.H. is an employee of Lumanity who receive consultancy fees for support provided to manufacturers in producing health economic models. D.B. was an employee of Lumanity and is now at DeltaHat who receive consultancy fees for support provided to manufacturers in producing health economic models. G.M. was an employee of Lumanity and is now an employee of MSD (UK) Ltd., London, UK. This study was not supported by any funding from MSD (UK) Ltd.

: No funding has been received by any of the authors specifically related to this manuscript.

: All the datasets that were used for the analysis are publicly available: University College London Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and National Centre for Social Research (NatCen)—Health Survey for England, 2018 []; Office for National Statistics—National Life Tables, England and Wales, 2017–2019 []. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

: Code is supplied in supplementary materials.

: D.L., G.M., and R.H. designed the analysis; D.L., G.M. and R.H. conducted the analysis; D.B. and D.L. produced the sample code; D.L., G.M., R.H. and D.B. interpreted the results; D.L., G.M., R.H. and D.B. drafted the manuscript; D.L., G.M., R.H. and D.B. approved the final version for publication.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.