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Article History

Accepted: 30 September 2024

First Online: 30 November 2024

Declarations

:

: B.W. sits on the Board of the York Health Economics Consortium, a private sector company (role not remunerated). M.S. has been a paid consultant to various life sciences companies, none relating to antimicrobials. M.W. reports institutional research support and funding from Almirall, Da Volterra, EnteroBiotix, GSK, Merck, MicroPharm, Nabriva, Paratek, Pfizer, Seres, Summit, The European Tissue Symposium and Tillotts, and personal fees from AiCuris, Bayer, Crestone, Da Volterra, Deinove, EnteroBiotix, The European Tissue Symposium, Ferring, GSK, Menarini, Merck, Nestlé, Paion, Paratek, Pfizer, Phico Therapeutics, Qpex Biopharma, Seres, Surface Skins, Summit, Tillotts and Vaxxilon/Idorsia, outside the submitted work. W.H. reports grants and personal fees from F2G, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants from Bugworks, grants from Phico Therapeutics, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Mundipharma, personal fees from Pulmocide and grants from GARDP, outside the submitted work. C.L. reports personal fees from INFEX Therapeutics Ltd, outside the submitted work. P.H. reports that he works for NHS England in the AMR Programme and the UK National Action Plan for AMR has a goal to introduce a delinked payment model. D.Je. reports personal fees from Pfizer and Shionogi, outside the submitted work. B.K., L.S., D.Ja., C.R., S.H., J.H., A.S., S.R., L.B., A.A. and A.B. report no relevant competing interests.

: Ethics approval for the expert elicitation exercise was granted from the University of York Department of Health Sciences Research Governance committee (reference no.: HSRGC/2021/448/G; date of approval: 14 May 2021). No other activities required primary data collection, so no further ethics approval was required.

: The experts included within the expert elicitation exercise received a Participant Information Sheet and completed a Participant Consent Form. These materials were reviewed as part of ethics approval.

: Consent for publication of results relating to the elicitation exercise was sought as part of the overall consent to participate process.

: The only primary data collection for this study related to the expert elicitation; ethics approval for this element of the study does not permit data sharing. All queries should be sent to the corresponding author.

: The code is available from the authors by email request.

: This work was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme, conducted through the Policy Research Unit in Economic Methods of Evaluation in Health and Social Care Interventions, PR-PRU-1217-20401.

: B.W., B.K., L.S., D.Ja., C.R. and M.S. conceptualised and developed the economic modelling and underlying statistical analyses. B.W., B.K., L.S., D.Ja., C.R., S.H., A.S. and M.S. designed and undertook the review elements and contributed to the design of the evidence synthesis. J.H. and S.R. designed and conducted the evidence synthesis. D.Ja. and L.B. designed and conducted the expert elicitation. M.W., W.H., C.L., P.H., D.Je., A.A. and A.B. contributed to identification of the high-value clinical scenarios and areas of expected usage, contributed to the design of the model including appropriateness of evidence and helped to classify infections sites using specimen data. All authors contributed to the development of the manuscript and reviewed the final version.