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Article History

Accepted: 15 October 2024

First Online: 13 December 2024

Declarations

:

: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 72174142 and no. 72404205) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (grant no. 23JCQNJC01650).

: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: No conflicts of interest were reported by the authors.

: The data are available only to the authors because we obtained informed consent from the respondents under that condition.

: Not applicable.

: This study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University (no. 20180615) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about their freedom of refusal. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the research process.

: Participants agreed to the publication of the research results using their anonymous data.

: Concept and design: S.X., X.H., and J.W. Acquisition of data: S.X., X.H., and W.G. Analysis and interpretation of data: S.X. and W.G. Drafting of the manuscript: S.X. and W.G. Statistical analysis: S.X., X.H., and W.G. Obtaining funding: S.X. and J.W. Supervision: J.W. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.