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Article History

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 9 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was funded by NHS England.

: The review was restricted to evidence available in the public domain. Formal ethical approval was not required.

: The review reported in this manuscript was funded by NHS England. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of NHS England. The funder had no role in the decision to publish the findings.

: Edward Wilson is an editorial board member of Applied Health Economics and Health Policy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any subsequent decisions. The remaining authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to declare.

: The authors confirm that all data generated or analysed during this study are based on published studies.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Concept and design: Farmer, Wilson, Lee. Acquisition of data: Trigg, Farmer, Muthukumar, Wilson, Lovell, Lee. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Trigg, Farmer, Muthukumar, Wilson, Lee. Drafting of the manuscript: Trigg, Farmer, Muthukumar, Wilson, Lovell, Lee. Critical revision of paper: Farmer, Wilson, Lee. Statistical analysis: Trigg, Farmer, Muthukumar, Wilson, Lovell, Lee. Obtaining funding: Farmer, Wilson, Lee.