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Article History

Accepted: 4 May 2025

First Online: 25 May 2025

Declarations

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: This project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research (HSDR) Programme (project reference no.: 128364). No additional financial or material support was received. We confirm that the funder had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: The authors have no conflicts of interest, either directly or indirectly, related to the work submitted for publication. The authors declare they have no recent (while engaged in the research project) present or anticipated employment in any organisation that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. The authors declare no financial interests from publication of this manuscript. The authors hold no stocks or shares in companies (including holdings of spouses and/or children) that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript; do not have consultation fees or other forms of remuneration from organisations that may gain or lose financially and do not have patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by publication of this manuscript. The authors declare they have no interests that go beyond financial interests that could impart bias on the work submitted for publication. The following authors declare their membership of the editorial boards of academic journals. Simon Davies is an associate editor of Peritoneal Dialysis International and subject editor (dialysis) for Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. James Fotheringham is an editorial board member of BMC Medicine and associate editor of Clinical Kidney Journal. Mark Lambie is an associate editor of Peritoneal Dialysis International. Iestyn Williams is an associate editor of Journal of Health Organisation and Management.

: Data on dialysis patient characteristics and their health outcomes is from the UK Renal Registry, which is not available publicly. Data on economic outcomes (e.g. costs) is taken from research studies cited in the manuscript.

: Ethics approval has been granted by the Health Research Authority (reference no. 20-WA-0249). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The code and model were made available to the peer reviewers. The research team will consider requests for code individually. Any requests for code should be directed to the corresponding author.

: Harry Hill, James Fotheringham, Jessica Potts, Ivonne Solis-Trapala, Mark Lambie, Sarah Damery, Kerry Allen, Allan Wailoo, Iestyn Williams and Simon Davies contributed to the conceptual design of the economic model, the multistate modelling and the drafting of the manuscript. Jessica Potts, Ivonne Solis-Trapala, Harry Hill and James Fotheringham contributed to the multistate statistical modelling. Harry Hill gathered evidence sources for the economic model, constructed and coded the model and produced the health economic results.