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Authors
Fan, Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1846-1265
Stephan, Anna-Janina
Hanselmann, Michael
Lueg, Andreas
Laxy, Michael
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DAK-Gesundheit (Funding was provided by DAK-Gesundheit in the form of a cooperation-contract to realize the evaluation. The funder had no role in the design, data analysis, interpretation, reporting of this study.)
Technische Universität München
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Article History
Accepted: 12 May 2025
First Online: 18 June 2025
Declarations
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: Provided by DAK-Gesundheit in the form of a cooperation-contract to realize the evaluation. The funder had no role in the design, data analysis, interpretation and reporting of this study.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Analysis of SHI claims data for research of public interest is allowed without individual consent or ethics votes, but only under strict data protection requirements in Germany. Therefore, data used for this analysis cannot be made publicly available by the authors nor shared upon individual request to the authors. To access the data, approval from the regulatory authority, the German Federal Office for Social Security, must be obtained from researchers through the health insurance company. The pre-specified analysis plan (published June 9, 2022) is publicly available at the OpenScienceFramework (OSF) under the following link: (no end date).
: MF, ML, AJS, and MH conceptualised the study design. ML acquired the data and funding. MF conducted the analysis. AJS, ML, and MH consulted on the analysis, AL provided clinical expertise. MF, AJS, ML, and MH directly accessed and verified the underlying data reported in the manuscript. All authors interpreted the data. MF drafted the manuscript, ML and AJS reviewed and edited the manuscript, MH and AL reviewed it for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published. All authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable. The study used pseudonymised health insurance claims data. As no identifiable personal information was used, consent from individual patients or participants was not required.
: The code used to analyse the data in this study can be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
