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Authors
Williams, Jake T. W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8394-2682
Dieng, Mbathio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-9633
Bell, Katy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-3218
McAlister, Scott https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-6374
Morton, Rachael L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7834-0572
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney (Research Centres Stipend Scholarship (SC4167))
Wiser Healthcare (Early Career Researcher Support, Seed Funding Grant Scheme (2024-5))
Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network (Travel award)
National Health and Medical Research Council (Investigator Grant (2023/GNT2025294), Investigator Grant (1194703))
The University of Sydney
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
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: Jake T.W. Williams received funding from the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health Research Centres Stipend Scholarship (SC4167) and the Wiser Healthcare Early Career Researcher Support and Seed Funding Grant Scheme (2024-5) to conduct this work. He received a travel award to present preliminary results from the Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, which receives funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant no. 2008937). Katy J.L. Bell is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant (2023/GNT2025294). Rachael L. Morton is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (1194703). Scott McAlister and Mbathio Dieng report no competing interests or funding.
: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
: Funding was supported by Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Research Centres Stipend Scholarship (SC4167), Wiser Healthcare, Early Career Researcher Support, Seed Funding Grant Scheme (2024-5), Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Travel award, National Health and Medical Research Council, Investigator Grant (2023/GNT2025294), Investigator Grant (1194703).
: The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
: The R code used for this analysis is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
: Ethics approval was granted by the Sydney Local Health District Ethics Review Committee (RPAH Zone), study 2019/ETH07272, and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Ethics Committee, study EO2019/1/454.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Conceptualisation—all named authors; data curation—Jake Williams; formal analysis—Jake Williams; funding acquisition—Jake Williams, Katy Bell and Rachael Morton; investigation—all named authors; methodology—all named authors; project administration—Jake Williams; resources—all named authors; software—Jake Williams; supervision—Mbathio Dieng, Katy Bell, Scott McAlister and Rachael Morton; validation—all named authors; visualisation—Jake Williams; writing (original draft) —Jake Williams; writing (review and editing) —Mbathio Dieng, Katy Bell, Scott McAlister and Rachael Morton.
