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Article History

Received: 30 May 2025

Accepted: 23 September 2025

First Online: 10 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Michael J. DiStefano has received funding or research support from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, Arnold Ventures, and PhRMA Foundation. Antal Zemplenyi has received funding or research support from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review and PhRMA Foundation. R. Brett McQueen has received funding, royalties, and consulting fees from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, consulting fees from Sanofi, Genentech, and Stage Analytics, and research support from PhRMA Foundation. Hanke Zheng and Jonathan D. Campbell are fulltime employees of the National Pharmaceutical Council, a non-profit health policy research organization. Harry Gyimah Gyamfi and David Ameyaw do not have any competing interests and funding to disclose.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by Michael J. DiStefano, Antal Zemplenyi, Harry Gyimah Gyamfi, and David Ameyaw. All authors contributed to data synthesis and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Michael J. DiStefano, and all authors provided comments and contributed substantively to subsequent drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.