Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 March 2025

Accepted: 2 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: Data will be made available on reasonable request to the corresponding author. The model used in this study was provided to the journal’s peer reviewers for their reference when reviewing the manuscript. The model is available on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: Ethical approval for the case–control elements of the ECONI study received a Favourable Opinion by Research Ethics Committee A (REC Reference 16/SS/1099) NHS Health Research Authority in February 2017. National information governance approval was granted by Public Benefit of Health and Social Care (reference 1617–0037). The incidence phase was ineligible for ethical review (surveillance).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants where required (as above).

: Not applicable.

: Conceptualisation: Agi McFarland, Sarkis Manoukian, Helen Mason, and Jacqui Reilly. Data curation: Agi McFarland. Formal analysis: Agi McFarland and Sarkis Manoukian. Funding acquisition: Jacqui Reilly. Investigation: Agi McFarland. Methodology: Agi McFarland and Sarkis Manoukian. Project administration: Agi McFarland. Resources: Jacqui Reilly. Software: Agi McFarland and Sarkis Manoukian. Supervision: Helen Mason, Jacqui Reilly, and Sarkis Manoukian. Validation: Agi McFarland and Helen Mason. Visualisation: Agi McFarland and Helen Mason. Writing—original draft: Agi McFarland. Writing—review and editing: Agi McFarland, Sarkis Manoukian, Helen Mason, and Jacqui Reilly.