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Authors
Oidtman, Rachel J.
Huang, Min
Orenstein, Walter A.
Kelly, Matthew S.
Yi, Zinan
Elbasha, Elamin
Drummond, Michael
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Merck
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: RJO, MH, ZY, and EE are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, who may own stock and/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc. WAO is a consultant for Merck & Co., Inc., CureVac, Dynavax Technologies, Moderna, and Sanofi, and provided paid consulting services to this research project. MSK is a consultant for Merck & Co., Inc. and provided paid consulting services to this research project. MD is a consultant for Merck & Co., Inc. and provided paid consulting services to this research project.
: All authors contributed to the conceptualization of the paper. RJO, MH, WAO, MSK, MD, and EE contributed to the summary of indirect effects, the modeling methods, and the guidelines. RJO, MH, and ZY contributed to the indirect effects modeling examples. All authors contributed to the key points in the discussions, development, writing, and approval of the final manuscript.
