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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Max Lelie, Bo VandenBulcke, Nick Verhaeghe, Lieven Annemans, Steven Simoens and Koen Putman have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All supplemental data that support the findings of this study are provided in the ESM accompanying the article. The public data sources referenced in the article are accessible to readers via the URLs and citations included throughout the text (which direct to publicly available websites).

: The R code used in the analysis is not publicly available, as it is not owned by the researchers; however, the detailed methodological description and analytic procedures presented in the article should allow independent reconstruction of the code.

: ML: writing, formal analysis, methodology, conceived the presented method. BV: review and editing. NV: review and editing, supervision. LA: review and editing, supervision, project administration, conceived the study. SS: review and editing, supervision, project administration, conceived the study. KP: review and editing, supervision, project administration, conceived the study.