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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare.

: The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Review Committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University (P S-486/2022), Ethics Review Committee of the Ghana Health Service (GHS-ERC:001/07/22) and the Institutional Review Board of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH-IRB 000109/202). Written informed consent was collected from all respondents.

: Not applicable. No identifiable individual participant data are reported in this manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

: KS is guarantor for the overall content. KS, EK, AEY, and MDA conceived the GHI economic evaluation study and took the lead in conceptualizing and designing the evaluation with contributions from EO, RS-R, JSE, and FH. KS and EK developed the quantitative tools of the evaluation, with support from MDA, AEY, FH, and EO. All authors significantly contributed to refining the data analysis, reporting, and interpretation. KS drafted the manuscript. All authors commented on subsequent versions of the paper and read and approved the final manuscript.

: KS and MDA have access to the study dataset. Requests for access to de-identified data should be addressed to the corresponding author, subject to institutional and ethical approvals.

: The statistical code used for the descriptive cost analyses and budget impact calculations is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.