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Authors
Trapero-Bertran, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-1776
Martin-Saborido, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-6768
Mestre-Ferrandiz, Jorge https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-1321
Amarilla, Nuria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-7225
Segú, Lluís
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cátedra Astrazeneca (EffiHealth), Universitat de Lleida
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Article History
Received: 19 April 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 6 September 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of interests: Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz is an editorial board member of Applied Health Economics and Health Policy. He was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.
Author contributions: Marta Trapero-Bertran conceived the study and led the overall design. Marta Trapero-Bertran, Carlos Martin-Saborido, Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz, and Lluís Segú contributed to the development of the search strategy, study selection, and methodological design, including double screening and review of the included studies. Nuria Amarilla contributed specifically to the legal and regulatory analysis, including the identification and interpretation of relevant legal frameworks related to combination therapies. Marta Trapero-Bertran prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors, including Lluís Segú, contributed to the conception and design of the study. All authors, except Lluís Segú, contributed to the interpretation of the results and critically revised subsequent versions of the manuscript. All living authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Lluís Segú passed away during the preparation of the results section. His important contribution to the conception, design, and early stages of the study is gratefully acknowledged. Permission to include him as a co-author was obtained from his wife.
Data availability: The data supporting the findings of this study consist of the articles included in the systematic review and the structured data extraction performed by the authors. The list of included studies is provided in the supplementary materials. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF; ). Additional materials, including the data extraction framework, are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. No primary individual-level data were collected.
Ethics approval: Not applicable
Consent to participate: Not applicable
Consent for publication (from patients/participants): Not applicable
Code availability: Not applicable
