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Article History

Accepted: 11 May 2025

First Online: 12 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Angela Holian has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Brian Weinshenker received payments for serving as chair of attack adjudication committees for clinical trials in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders conducted by Alexion, Medimmune, and VielaBio/Horizon Therapeutics, and receives payments as chair of the attack adjudication committee for a clinical trial in MOGAD conducted by UCB Biosciences. He has consulted with Chugai, Genentech, Roche, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and CANbridge pharmaceuticals regarding clinical trial designs for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. He has received speaking fees from Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Roche, and Mitsubishi Tanabe. He has a patent for NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, with royalties paid by Hospice Civil de Lyon, MVZ PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, Oxford University and RSR Limited.

: All data analyzed and presented are published.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All authors wrote and revised the final manuscript.