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Article History

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work, and have given final approval for the version to be published.

: Marco Sousa has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Ana Luísa João has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi. Martim Luz has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Pedro Mendes-Bastos has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Biogen, CS Labs, Eli-Lilly, Evelo Biosciences, Janssen-Cilag, Leo-Pharma, L’Oreal, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Viatris. Ângela Roda has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, and Novartis. Luiz Leite, Joana Valério, Ana Ferreirinha, and Barbara Leal have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Maria João Paiva Lopes has participated in clinical trials, advisory board, and/or lectures promoted by AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Viatris. Rita Pimenta has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, and LEO Pharma. Paulo Ferreira has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, LEO-Pharma, Lilly, and Novartis. Tiago Torres has received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Amgen, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Biocad, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Fresenius-Kabi, Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung-Bioepis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sandoz, STADA, and UCB.

: This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, and its later amendments.

: Patient consent was exempted because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified, anonymized, and aggregated data.

: Patient consent was exempted because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified, anonymized, and aggregated data.

: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: MS and TT contributed to the conception and design of the study. MS, ALJ, ML, PMB, AR, LL, JV, AF, BL, MJPL, RP, PF, and TT collected clinical data from the participating hospital centers. MS and TT performed the data analysis and interpretation and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. MS, ALJ, ML, PMB, AR, LL, JV, AF, BL, MJPL, RP, PF, and TT critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. MS, ALJ, ML, PMB, AR, LL, JV, AF, BL, MJPL, RP, PF, and TT read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.