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Article History

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Allison Singier, Stéphane Vignot, David Desplas, Mahmoud Zureik, and Nadia Haddy declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: The study was conducted in compliance with the French regulations on access and processing of personal data from the SNDS. EPI-PHARE has permanent regulatory access to the data from the French National Health Data System (SNDS) via its constitutive bodies ANSM and CNAM, in application of the provisions of the French Decree No. 2016-1871 of 26 December 2016 relating to the processing of personal data called the “National Health Data System”, the French law articles Art. R. 1461-1316 and R. 1461-1417 from the French Public Health Code and the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) decision CNIL-2016-316.18. In accordance with the permanent regulatory access granted to EPI-PHARE via ANSM and CNAM, this work did not require any specific opinion from the French Ethical and Scientific Committee for Research, Studies, and Evaluations health (CESREES) nor approval from the CNIL. All requests in the database were made by duly authorized people. The study was registered on the study register of EPI-PHARE concerning studies from SNDS data under the reference T-2025-05-586. No informed consent is required for studies based on the SNDS.

: Not applicable

: In accordance with data protection legislation and the French regulation, the authors are not allowed to release or make public the data from the SNDS. However, any person or structure, public or private, for-profit or nonprofit, is able to access SNDS data in order to carry out a study, research or an evaluation in the public interest, upon authorization from the French Data Protection Office (CNIL), via the French Health Data Hub ( ).

: Not applicable

: AS: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing; SV: conceptualization, validation, writing—review & editing; DD: conceptualization, data curation, validation, writing—review & editing; MZ: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, validation, writing—review & editing; NH: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation, writing—review & editing.