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Article History
Accepted: 14 November 2022
First Online: 10 January 2023
Declarations
:
: No funding was received for the preparation of this article.
: Jami Wang, Mollie F. Qian, Michael R. Jeng, and Joyce M.C. Teng have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
: All data were accessed through the Stanford PHS Data Core and fall under Stanford University’s Institutional Review Board protocol (PHS-40974) for the use of de-identified data in clinical outcomes research.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The source data for this study were licensed by Stanford PHS from Optum and are not available for public sharing. However, these data are available through contractual purchase of the Clinformatics<sup>®</sup> Data Mart Database (OptumInsight, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
: The Stata code (devoid of Optum data) is available upon reasonable request.
: MFQ performed the data analysis; JW, MFQ, MRJ, and JMCT participated in the study design and interpretation of the results; and JW, MFQ, MRJ, and JMCT contributed to the drafting and critical appraisal of the manuscript.
