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Article History

Accepted: 18 January 2025

First Online: 12 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was funded by the Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan (CSMU-INT-112-02), China Medical University Taiwan (CMU113-S-42), and the National Science and Technology Council Taiwan (MOST 111-2410-H-040-002).

: Yu-Ching Li, Kuang-Hua Huang Yih Yang, Shuo-Yan Gau, Tung-Han Tsai, and Chien-Ying Lee have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, which is maintained by the Health and Welfare Data Science Center and provides scrambled random identification numbers for insured patients to protect their privacy. The study protocol was approved by the Central Regional Research Ethics Committee of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (approval no. CRREC-109-011).

: To protect the privacy of the participants, all data were anonymized. Because the database contains only deidentified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived.

: Not applicable.

: The database used to support the findings of this study was provided by the Health and Welfare Data Science Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare under license and so cannot be made freely available. Requests for access to these data should be made to the Health and Welfare Data Science Center ().

: All statistical analyses in the present study were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

: All authors have participated in this study and have reviewed and agreed with the final manuscript. Y-CL: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). K-HH: conceptualization, methodology, funding acquisition, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). YY: methodology, data curation, formal analysis. S-YG: formal analysis. T-HT: formal analysis. C-YL: conceptualization, methodology, validation, funding acquisition, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). All authors read and approved the final version.