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Article History

Accepted: 8 April 2025

First Online: 28 May 2025

Declarations

:

: No funding was secured for this study. This research was supported in part by an appointment to a Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and the US Food and Drug Administration. ORISE is managed by Oak Ridge Associated Universities under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. The views in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the US Food and Drug Administration.

: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise. The views in this manuscript are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

: This study was classified as a public health surveillance activity by the US FDA Institutional Review Board.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable. Please see the data source below: America’s Poison Centers maintains the National Poison Data System (NPDS), which houses de-identified records of self-reported information from callers to the country’s poison centers (PCs). NPDS data do not reflect the entire universe of US exposures and incidences related to any substance(s). Exposures do not necessarily represent a poisoning or overdose and America’s Poison Centers are not able to completely verify the accuracy of every report. The views of this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of America’s Poison Centers.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sara Karami, Esther H. Zhou, and Ibrahim Ibrahim. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sara Karami and Christian Angelo I. Ventura, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.