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Article History

Accepted: 4 June 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) [Grant number 846001002], the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF), and the Dutch healthcare insurance company Zilveren kruis Achmea. The funding sources had no involvement in the conduct of this research. The Open Access Fee was paid by the Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary materials.

: The codes for the decision model are available on request. Requests should be addressed to the corresponding author.

: Z.A.M.: study conception and design, methodology, performed the analysis, data interpretation, writing main manuscript, review and editing. J.A.W. and V.M.H.C.: study conception and design, methodology, data interpretation, writing main manuscript, review, editing, and study supervision. B.R., V.P.R., and M.J.: methodology, data interpretation, writing, review and editing. H.J.M.G.: validation of model assumptions and data, data interpretation, giving clinical contexts, writing, review and editing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: All authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.