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Article History

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The studies reported in this manuscript, development of the manuscript and open-access publishing fee were supported by Neuraxpharm .

: J.A.R.Q. has been on the speakers’ bureau and/or acted as a consultant for Biogen, Idorsia, Casen-Recordati, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Takeda, Bial, Sincrolab, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, BMS, Medice, Rubió, Uriach, Technofarma and Raffo in the last 3 years. He has also received travel support (air tickets and hotel) for taking part in psychiatric meetings from Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Rubió, Takeda, Bial and Medice. The Department of Psychiatry chaired by him has received unrestricted educational and research support from the following companies in the last 3 years: Exeltis, Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Neuraxpharm, Oryzon, Roche, Probitas and Rubió. M.F.F. and A.S.P. are full-time employees of Neuraxpharm. M.B. has no conflicts of interest to declare.

: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: The protocol for each study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Optimum Clinical Research on 6 January 2022. The studies were conducted in accordance with the current European Medicines Agency guidance document, Directive 2001/20/European Community, Good Clinical Practice (as established by the International Council for Harmonisation), Division 5 of the Canadian Food and Drugs Regulation and the principles enunciated in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written consent, in compliance with local legislation and regulations, was obtained from each individual before they entered the studies.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: J.A.R.Q.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing—review and editing. M.F.F.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing—review and editing. A.S.P.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, writing and original draft preparation and writing—review and editing. M.B.: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing—review and editing. All the authors approved the final version for publication and agree to be accountable for the work presented.