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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 23 November 2025

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Eric Konofal serves as Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) of NLS Pharmaceutics. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the content of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

: Not applicable.

: E.K.: conceived the review, led the literature search and analysis, drafted the initial manuscript, coordinated all revisions, and finalized the submission. I.A. and M.L.: provided critical expertise on narcolepsy and hypersomnia, contributed to clinical sections, and revised the manuscript. J.C.B. and C.P.: designed and interpreted preclinical studies on reward and orexin systems, contributed to mechanistic sections. B.C.C. and M.T.: contributed sleep medicine expertise, reviewed narcolepsy trial data, and revised clinical outcomes. B.F.: synthesized chemical analogs, and contributed to formulation and synthesis sections. C.A.K.: provided expertise on sleep neurophysiology and orexin pathways. J.H.N., S.W., and T.W.: contributed ADHD trial data and interpretation, and revised ADHD sections. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agree to be accountable for its integrity.