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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: J.Y.E., K.Z., S.T.L., and J.J. are Sanofi employees and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. S.M.I. and K.H. were employees of Imperial College London at the time the research was conducted as part of the IMI-PROTECT ( ).

: The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Imperial College Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for the study (ICREC Ref. 12_2_7).

: Online informed consent was obtained from all respondents.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets that support the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: J.Y.E., S.M.I., K.H., S.T.L., and J.J. conceptualized the study. S.M.I., K.H., and J.J. performed formal analysis. J.Y.E., S.M.I., K.H., and J.J. contributed to the validation of the study. J.Y.E., S.M.I., K.H., K.Z., S.T.L., and J.J. contributed to the interpretation of data. J.J. contributed to funding acquisition and supervision of the study. J.Y.E. drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.