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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Limsrivilai J. has received research grants from The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Kongpakwattana K. has received a research grant from The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. The others have no conflict of interest to disclose.

: Study concept and design: Limsrivilai J., Chaemsupaphan T., Sattayalertyanyong O., and Kongpakwattana K.; Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Limsrivilai J., Chaemsupaphan T., Sattayalertyanyong O., Subdee N., Chuenprapai P., and Kongpakwattana K.; Drafting of the manuscript: Kongpakwattana K., Chaemsupaphan T.; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Limsrivilai J., Chaemsupaphan T., Sattayalertyanyong O., and Kongpakwattana K.; Study supervision: Limsrivilai J.; All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: This study was approved by Siriraj Institutional Review Board (Approval Si 972/2564 [IRB2]). The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and reported in accordance with the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS).

: All patients and caregivers provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Data, analytic methods, and study materials are available to other researchers upon request to the corresponding author.

: The code is available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.