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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

:

: M.V. reports receipt of funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the US Office of Research Integrity, Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology, and internal grants from Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences—all outside of the present work. A.F. reports funding from the Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Adversity, Oklahoma Shared Clinical and Translational Resources, and internal Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences grants, all outside this work. All other authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All other authors have nothing to report.

: Madeline Rowe and Madison Dinh contributed to data curation, performing all data extraction and assisting in writing—original draft preparation. Ryan Sherry, Kellen Keefer, Rachel Hazlitt, Ahmed Elghzali, Tag Harris, Logan Corwin, and Daniel Archer were responsible for methodology, including drafting the protocol, submitting IRB documents, guiding data extraction decisions, interpreting results, providing project administration, and writing—review and editing. Daniel Archer and Tag Harris also conducted formal analysis, including generating tables and figures. Alicia Ito Ford contributed to the conceptualization, investigation, supervision, and writing—review and editing; supported student training; and resolved methodological queries. Matt Vassar led the conceptualization, supervision, and project administration, provided student training, and contributed to writing—original draft and writing—review and editing. All authors meet ICMJE authorship criteria and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Authors have read and have approved the final version of the manuscript.

: The Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Institutional Review Board determined this study did not meet the definition of human subjects research and was exempt from oversight under 45 CFR 46.102(d) and (f).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository ( ). All authors had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.