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Authors
Al-Shamsi, Humaid O.
Farghaly, Mohamed
Abdaljalil, Ammar
Al-Tourah, Abdulwahab
Saad, Chana https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9705-4896
Bassil, Youmna https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8664-668X
Albassam, Ghadah
Nimer, Rami
Naroz, Monika
El-Badry, Omar
Akel, Rony
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 12 August 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of Interest: Authors G.B., R.N., R.A., M.N., and O.B. are employees of MSD IDEA Middle East, a division of Merck Sharp & Dohme. H.S., M.F., A.A., A.A., C.S., and Y.B. declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the contents of this manuscript.
Ethics Approval: Not applicable.
Consent to Participate: Not applicable.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Clinical trial data supporting efficacy are publicly available (CheckMate and KEYNOTE and IMPOWER trials). Cost data and other inputs are provided by the KOLs and are included in the Supplementary file. Market share assumptions remain proprietary to MSD.
Authors' Contributions: All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Conceptualization: Humaid O. Al-Shamsi, Mohamed Farghaly, Ammar Abdaljalil, Abdulwahab Altourah, Omar El-Badry, Rony Akel; methodology: Ghadah Albassam, Rami Nimer, Monika Naroz, Chana Saad, Youmna Bassil; formal analysis: Ghadah Albassam, Rami Nimer, Monika Naroz; data curation: Chana Saad, Youmna Bassil; writing—original draft: Chana Saad, Youmna Bassil; writing—review and editing: all authors; supervision: Ghadah Albassam, Rami Nimer, Monika Naroz
