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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 10 August 2026

First Online: 25 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Ethical Approval: This study was based on existing data from the Rotterdam Study. The present analysis was conducted under the existing Rotterdam Study ethical approvals and participant informed consent framework. No new data collection or additional procedures were performed, and no additional study-specific ethical review, approval, exemption, or waiver was obtained or required.

Consent to Participate: All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the Rotterdam Study and consented to the use of their medical data and pharmacy records for research purposes.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Data Availability and Confidentiality Statement: The data underlying this study contain information related to study participants and are therefore not publicly available. Reasonable requests for access to the data can be directed to the secretariat of the Department of Epidemiology (secretariat.epi@erasmusmc.nl). Access may be granted to qualified researchers for the purpose of replicating findings or conducting related research, subject to approval from the institutional review board and the signing of a data-sharing agreement to ensure participant confidentiality is maintained. Please visit the following website for more information: .

Code Availability: Statistical analyses were performed using RStudio. The analysis code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors Contributions: MNS: Conceptualisation, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, visualisation, writing - original draft, review & editing. JAL: Methodology, review & editing. FA: Review & editing. BHS: Methodology, supervision, review & editing, validation. MK: Review & editing. DB: Supervision, review & editing, validation. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.