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Article History

Accepted: 4 September 2023

First Online: 21 September 2023

Declarations

:

: All phases of this study were supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant, PJT-159782; and CIHR Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarships Doctoral Award (CGS-D), a Canada Scholarship to Honour Nelson Mandela, DF2-171445. Collection of the original samples and data used for this secondary analysis was supported by funding to the University of California San Diego through the National Institutes of Health, Grant UL1TR001442 (PI Firestein), and the Gerber Foundation, projects 4998 and 6488 (PI Chambers).

: Cindy H.T. Yeung, Kerri A. Bertrand, Brookie M. Best, Edmund Capparelli, Christina D. Chambers, Dagmar M. Hajducek, Abdullah Hamadeh, Shinya Ito, Jeremiah D. Momper, and Andrea N. Edginton have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: This present study received ethics clearance from the parent study through the UC San Diego Human Research Protections Program, and for the secondary data analysis through the University of Waterloo Research Ethics Board (REB# 42860).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: A de-identified dataset can be shared with the appropriate approvals. The requestor is required to contact the PI (Dr. Christina Chambers, chchambers@health.ucsd.edu) with the request.

: Not applicable.

: CHTY and ANE conceptualized and designed the study. EC and SI contributed to the study design. KAB, BMB, and TC designed the data collection instruments. KAB and TC collected the data. BMB and JDM oversaw the assays for the generation of concentrations. CHTY, AH, and DH performed the data analysis. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript.