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Article History

Accepted: 17 September 2024

First Online: 27 October 2024

Declarations

:

: The study is supported by the Department of Anesthesiology at University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.

: M.M.R.F Struys: His research group/department received (over the last 3 years) research grants and consultancy fees from The Medicines Company (Parsippany, NJ, USA), Masimo (Irvine, CA, USA), Becton Dickinson (Eysins, Switzerland), Fresenius (Bad Homburg, Germany), Dräger (Lübeck, Germany), Paion (Aachen, Germany), Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland). He receives royalties on intellectual property from Demed Medical (Sinaai, Belgium) and the Ghent University (Gent, Belgium). He is an editorial board member and Director for the British Journal of Anaesthesia. D.J. Eleveld: Has received travel from Becton Dickenson and is an editorial board member of Anesthesiology journal. P.J. Colin: Over the last 3 years his research group has been involved in contract research for PAION UK Ltd. (London, England) and Acacia Pharma Ltd. (Cambridge, England). Yingxue Li, Jeroen V. Koomen, Johannes P. van den Berg, Jaap Jan Vos, Ilonka N. de Keijzer declare that they have no conflicts of interest that are relevant to the content of this article.

: The protocol of the study has been approved by the local medical ethics committee.

: Informed consent was acquired from each individual participant incorporated in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The data and material are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.

: The model code is accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.

: M.M.R.F. Struys, P.J. Colin, J.P. Van den Berg, J.J. Vos: conception and design of the study and manuscript revision; J.P. Van den Berg, J.J. Vos, I.N. de Keijzer: data collection, bioanalysis and manuscript revision; Y Li, J.V. Koomen, D.J. Eleveld, P.J. Colin: data analysis and interpretation, modelling, manuscription preparation and revision.