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Article History

Accepted: 30 March 2025

First Online: 21 May 2025

Declarations

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: This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Competing interests: Femke A. Elzinga, Onno H. Akkerman, Bart L. Rottier, Hester van der Vaart, and Daan J. Touw declare that they have no financial or nonfinancial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Paola Mian acknowledges receiving grant support from Vrienden Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis, unrelated to the submitted work. Gerard H. Koppelman discloses grant support from the Netherlands Lung Foundation, ZonMW (Vici grant), Ubbo Emmius Foundation, Teva the Netherlands, Vertex, and GSK, all outside the submitted work (money to institution); his institution received financial support for consultancy or invited presentations from Astra Zeneca, Sanofi, and Boehringer Ingelhei, outside the submitted work. Paul Malik is a full-time employee of Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. and may hold stock or stock options.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Data can be accessed upon reasonable request through the corresponding author.

: Not applicable.

: F.E. contributed to the literature search, data extraction, data analysis, and the writing of the initial draft of the manuscript. P.Ma. contributed to the conceptualization of the study, data analysis, and the writing and revision of the manuscript. O.A., B.R., and H.V. contributed to the revision of the manuscript. G.K. and D.T. contributed to the conceptualization of the study and reviewing the manuscript. P.Mi. contributed to the conceptualization of the study, literature search, data extraction, data analysis, and the writing and revision of the manuscript.