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Article History

Accepted: 8 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was supported by departmental funding and China Scholarship Council to Daming Kong (202006010035).

: Kong D. and Koomen J.V. certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. Over the last 3 years Colin P.J. and his research group have been involved in contract research for PAION UK Ltd. (London, England) and Acacia Pharma Ltd. (Cambridge, England).

: Eloot S. and Van Biesen W. contributed to the clinical study conception and design. Kong D., Koomen J.V., and Colin P.J. contributed to the pharmacokinetic modelling conception and design. Patient inclusion and data collection were performed by Eloot S., Vanommeslaeghe F., and Delanghe S. Data handling was performed by Eloot S., while data analysis (pharmacokinetics modelling) was performed by Kong D. Kong D. and Koomen J.V. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: Data will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: The study was approved by the independent Ethics Committee of the Ghent University Hospital (2016/0973 – B670201629362) and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03909698 – “Antibiotic Dosing in Patients on Intermittent Haemodialysis”). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrolment.

: The NONMEM code for the final piperacillin (PIP)/tazobactam (TAZ) population pharmacokinetic model is available in the electronic supplemental materials.