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Article History

Accepted: 14 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Declarations

:

: F.W., J.Z., X.Z., M.M., and Y.C. wrote the manuscript; F.W. and M.L. designed the research; F.W., A.C., M.C., and J.P. performed the research; F.W., J.Z., and X.Z. analysed the data.

: The authors thank Yan Li, Ken Ogasawara, Hongxiang Hu, Li Zhu, Roxanne Cacioppo, John Calhoun, and Bindu Murthy for their review comments during the preparation of the manuscript.

: This study was funded by Bristol Myers Squibb.

: Bristol Myers Squibb policy on data sharing may be found at .

: F.W., J. Z., X.Z., M.M., Y.C., A.C., M.C., J.P., and M.L. were employees and stockholders of Bristol Myers Squibb during the preparation of the manuscript. F.W. is currently affiliated with Deerfield Management, and M.L. is currently affiliated with Pfizer.

: The research was conducted within all the appropriate ethical and legal guidelines. The KarMMa-3 study protocol was approved by the institutional review board or independent ethics committee at each participating center before trial initiation (study start date of 16 April 2019).

: For investigations involving human patients, informed consent was obtained from the participants involved.

: All authors approved this manuscript for submission.