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Authors
Irie, Kei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-1208
Minar, Phillip
Reifenberg, Jack
Boyle, Brendan M.
Noe, Joshua D.
Hyams, Jeffrey S.
Mizuno, Tomoyuki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK132408)
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
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: J. S. H. is on advisory boards for Janssen, Abbvie, Lilly, and Genentech and is a consultant for Takeda and Pfizer. The other authors report no conflicts of interest.
: The datasets analyzed in this study are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.
: The model codes are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The REFINE study received approval from multiple Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), including Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Connecticut Children’s Medical Center. Additionally, the CCHMC IRB approved the APPDASH study.
: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant, or from a parent or legal guardian, as appropriate. A waiver of consent was granted when applicable.
: Not applicable.
: K.I., P.M., and T.M. wrote the manuscript; K.I., P.M., and T.M. designed the research; K.I., P.M., J.R., B.M.B., J.D.N., J.S.H., and T.M. performed the research; and K.I. and T.M. analyzed the data.
