Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 24 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was sponsored by Shanghai Innogen Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.

: F. Jiang, Y. Xu, Y. Lei, and Q. Wang are employees of Shanghai Innogen Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.

: Y. Xu and L. Zhang drafted the manuscript. Y. Xu, Y. Lei and F. Jiang analyzed data and produced figures. Q. Wang and X. Sun reviewed and edited the manuscript.

: All studies included in this analysis were approved by the relevant ethics committees and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP).

: Data will be made available upon reasonable request, subject to the protection of research participants’ privacy.

: The model codes that support the findings of this study are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.

: Not applicable.

: Written, informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.