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Article History

Received: 12 April 2025

Accepted: 31 August 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was supported by the MRace grant of the Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

: Birgit C.P. Koch and Saskia N. de Wildt are Editorial Board members of Clinical Pharmacokinetics . Birgit C.P. Koch and Saskia N. de Wildt were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Stef Schouwenburg, Tim Preijers, Alan Abdulla, Roelie M. Wösten-van Asperen, Stan J.F. Hartman, Saskia N. de Wildt, Matthijs de Hoog, and Enno D. Wildschut have no conflicts of interest to declare concerning this article.

: The data and material are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.

: The EXPAT Kids study was approved by the Erasmus MC Medical Ethical Committee (NL76194.078.21) (NL9326).

: All authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the PK trial, interpretation of data, and funding acquisition. Stef Schouwenburg and Tim Preijers were responsible for data analysis and directly accessed and verified the underlying data presented here. Stef Schouwenburg drafted the manuscript. All authors provided a critical revision for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: Written, informed consent was obtained from all participants. All participants consented to publication.

: All participants consented to publication.

: The model codes that support the findings of this study are accessible upon reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.