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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 28 September 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Thierry Buclin is an Editorial Board member of Clinical Pharmacokinetics. He was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: Elements supporting the main results of the present work are presented within the article and its online supplementary information. Further data used in the frame of this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

: The Ethics Committees of the Cantons of Vaud (Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain, CER-VD) and Geneva (Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain, CCER) approved the study in December 2022 (project-ID 2022-01262).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study or their therapeutic representatives.

: Not applicable.

: The NONMEM code for the final model is reproduced in Supplementary information Table 1.

: SB, LAD, AS, TB, MG and FL designed the study. SB, DH, CB, RG, BA, AS and FL were involved in patient recruitment and data collection. TM and LAD were responsible for the propofol analytical method development, validation and plasma quantification. SB, MG, TB and FL analysed the data. TB, MG and FL provided general supervision of the project. SB and FL wrote the manuscript, and all authors revised and approved the final version.