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Article History

Received: 18 April 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Stéphane Bertin, Monia Guidi, David Haefliger, Paul Thoueille, Carine Bardinet, Laurent A. Decosterd, Maria-Helena Perez, Raphaël Giraud, Benjamin Assouline, Antoine Schneider, Thierry Buclin, and Francoise Livio have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the contents of this article. Thierry Buclin is an Editorial Board member of Clinical Pharmacokinetics . Thierry Buclin was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: The Ethics Committees from the Cantons of Vaud (CER-VD) and Geneva (CCER) approved the study in December 2022 (project-ID 2022-01262).

: According to the clinical situation, the participation consent form was either signed by the participants or their therapeutic representatives.

: Not applicable.

: Data supporting the main conclusions of this study are presented in the article and the ESM. Further data are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

: The NONMEM code for the final model is reproduced in the ESM.

: SB, MG, LAD, MHP, AS, TB and FL designed the study. SB, DH, CB, MHP, AS, RG, BA and FL were involved in patient recruitment and data collection. SB and LAD were responsible for the sample analysis. SB, MG, PT, TB and FL analysed the data. MG, LAD, TB and FL provided general supervision of the project. SB wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.