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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar is an Editorial Board member of Clinical Pharmacokinetics . Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Bach Mai Hospital (Approval No. 2751/QĐ-BVBM and 5506/QĐ-BM).

: Informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors on reasonable request and following the approved proposal.

: The NONMEM control stream code for the final model is available in the ESM.

: TCN: data curation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, validation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). DVL: data curation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, validation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). HAN Jr: data curation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, validation, writing (review and editing). NTNT: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, validation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing). THNN: data curation, methodology, investigation, writing (review and editing). DHV: data curation, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, resources, supervision, writing (review and editing). HAN: data curation, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, resources, supervision, writing (review and editing). HNP: data curation, methodology, investigation, resources, validation, writing (review and editing). CTN: methodology, investigation, resources, validation, writing (review and editing). DMVN: data curation, methodology, validation, writing (review and editing). TTP: methodology, investigation, resources, validation, writing (review and editing). NSD: methodology, investigation, resources, validation, writing (review and editing). QTD: methodology, investigation, resources, validation, writing (review and editing). XCD: methodology, investigation, resources, validation, supervision, writing (review and editing). J-WCA: methodology, investigation, validation, writing (review and editing).