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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study enrolment, in accordance with the approved protocol.

: Not applicable.

: The model codes that support the findings of this study are accessible in the Supplementary Materials (Table S7).

: The data supporting this study's findings may be available on request from the principal investigator of the study (J.W. Alffenaar).

: Ethical approval was granted by the University of Sydney, Australia (Protocol No. 2021/082, dated 21.10.2021) and the National Lung Hospital, Vietnam (Approval No. 25/21/CN-HDDD, dated 27/04/2021).

: T.A. Nguyen conceptualised the study, performed drug concentration analysis, performed the pharmacometrics data analyses and wrote the manuscript. T.P. Nguyen provided support for the pharmacometrics data analyses and revised the manuscript. A.T. Nguyen, L.V. Dinh , B.H. Nguyen, D.H. Vu, T.N.B. Nguyen, And D. Vu revised the manuscript. G.J. Fox conceptualised the study and revised the manuscript. J.W. Alffenaar conceptualised the study, supervised the analysis and revised the manuscript. S.L. Stocker conceptualised the study, supervised the analysis and revised the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript and accepted submission to the journal.

: Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar and Sophie L. Stocker are Editorial Board members of Clinical Pharmacokinetics . They were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.